electrode 電極
electrolyte 電解液、電解質
Current Carriers:
Human body - ions
Wire - electrons
Transducer - electrodes
Note: Electrodes work as transducers, not conductors.
2017/3/28
Atom 原子相關名詞
atom 原子
proton 質子
electron 電子
neutron 中子
charge 電荷
ion 離子
proton - positive charge
electron - negative charge
neutron - no charge
ion - atom with +ve/-ve charge e.g. Na+, K+
valence 價
valence 價電子 e,g, Na: 1, Ca: 2
相關資訊：
Common Chemical Elements in Electrophysiology 電生理學中常見的化學元素
Valence electron (Wikipedia)
proton 質子
electron 電子
neutron 中子
charge 電荷
ion 離子
proton - positive charge
electron - negative charge
neutron - no charge
ion - atom with +ve/-ve charge e.g. Na+, K+
valence 價
valence 價電子 e,g, Na: 1, Ca: 2
相關資訊：
Common Chemical Elements in Electrophysiology 電生理學中常見的化學元素
Valence electron (Wikipedia)
2017/3/19
Neuron 神經元
neuron/nerve cell 神經元/神經細胞
nucleus 細胞核
soma 細胞本體 cell body
dendrite 樹突/樹狀突
axon / nerve fiber 軸突/軸索/神經纖維
axon hillock 軸丘 (hillock = 崗/丘)
axon terminal 軸突末端/軸突末稍
myelin sheath 髓鞘
synapse 突觸 (Wikipedia) - junction between two neurons
axon terminal + synaptic cleft + dendrite
chemical synapse
electrical synapse
synaptic vesicle 突觸囊泡/突觸小泡
synaptic cleft/gap 突觸間隙/突觸空隙
postsynaptic receptor 突觸後受器
Diagram from Wikipedia by BruceBlaus - Own work, CC BY 3.0, Link
neurotransmitter 神經傳導物/神經傳遞物
postsynaptic potential 突觸後電位
excitatory postsynaptic potential(EPSP) 興奮性突觸後電位
inhibitory postsynaptic potential(IPSP) 抑制性突觸後電位
References:
用十分鐘理解 《神經網路發展史》
生物醫學工程導論(中華民國生物醫學工程學會，滄海2008) p8, 11-13
突觸後電位
nucleus 細胞核
soma 細胞本體 cell body
dendrite 樹突/樹狀突
axon / nerve fiber 軸突/軸索/神經纖維
axon hillock 軸丘 (hillock = 崗/丘)
axon terminal 軸突末端/軸突末稍
myelin sheath 髓鞘
synapse 突觸 (Wikipedia) - junction between two neurons
axon terminal + synaptic cleft + dendrite
chemical synapse
electrical synapse
synaptic vesicle 突觸囊泡/突觸小泡
synaptic cleft/gap 突觸間隙/突觸空隙
postsynaptic receptor 突觸後受器
Diagram from Wikipedia by BruceBlaus - Own work, CC BY 3.0, Link
neurotransmitter 神經傳導物/神經傳遞物
postsynaptic potential 突觸後電位
excitatory postsynaptic potential(EPSP) 興奮性突觸後電位
inhibitory postsynaptic potential(IPSP) 抑制性突觸後電位
References:
用十分鐘理解 《神經網路發展史》
生物醫學工程導論(中華民國生物醫學工程學會，滄海2008) p8, 11-13
突觸後電位
2016/11/17
Central Limit Theorem (CLT) 中央極限定理
When
population mean = μ
population variance = σ2
random sample of size n
random samples: X1, X2, ..., Xn,
z-score/z-value/standard score z分數/標準化值 (Wikipedia/維基百科)
sum of samples/sample sum 樣本和 Sn = (X1 + X2 + ... + Xn) = ΣXi where i = 1 to n
sample mean 樣本平均數 x̄ = (X1 + X2 + ... + Xn)/n = Sn/n
sample variance 樣本變異數 s2
sample standard deviation 樣本標準差 s
sample size n
if σ is known:
Z = (x̄ - μ)/(σ/√ n) = (Sn - n)/σ√n
When n → ∞ (n >= 30),
Z ~ N(0, 1)
One special case of gamma distribution:
chi-square distribution 卡方分布 (χ2) α = v/2 or n/2, β = 2 for gamma distribution.
χ2 = (n - 1)s2/σ2 with n-1 degrees of freedom.
if σ is unknown and n is large:
s ≈ σ
Student t-distribution/Student's t-distribution 學生t分布
t-distribution t分布
T = (x̄ - μ)/(s/√ n) with n-1 degrees of freedom.
t-table:
row: probability α at tα
column - degree of freedom
參考資料
Essentials of Probability & Statistics for Engineers & Scientists (Walpole at el.)，機率與統計 (繆紹綱譯，滄海2013)，p201, 242-248
機率與統計 (陳鍾誠網站)
Mathematical statistics with applications in R, Ramachandran & Tsokos, 2nd edition (2015), p162-164, 191-194
Student's t-distribution (Wikipedia)
population mean = μ
population variance = σ2
random sample of size n
random samples: X1, X2, ..., Xn,
z-score/z-value/standard score z分數/標準化值 (Wikipedia/維基百科)
sum of samples/sample sum 樣本和 Sn = (X1 + X2 + ... + Xn) = ΣXi where i = 1 to n
sample mean 樣本平均數 x̄ = (X1 + X2 + ... + Xn)/n = Sn/n
sample variance 樣本變異數 s2
sample standard deviation 樣本標準差 s
sample size n
if σ is known:
Z = (x̄ - μ)/(σ/√ n) = (Sn - n)/σ√n
When n → ∞ (n >= 30),
Z ~ N(0, 1)
One special case of gamma distribution:
chi-square distribution 卡方分布 (χ2) α = v/2 or n/2, β = 2 for gamma distribution.
χ2 = (n - 1)s2/σ2 with n-1 degrees of freedom.
if σ is unknown and n is large:
s ≈ σ
Student t-distribution/Student's t-distribution 學生t分布
t-distribution t分布
T = (x̄ - μ)/(s/√ n) with n-1 degrees of freedom.
t-table:
row: probability α at tα
column - degree of freedom
參考資料
Essentials of Probability & Statistics for Engineers & Scientists (Walpole at el.)，機率與統計 (繆紹綱譯，滄海2013)，p201, 242-248
機率與統計 (陳鍾誠網站)
Mathematical statistics with applications in R, Ramachandran & Tsokos, 2nd edition (2015), p162-164, 191-194
Student's t-distribution (Wikipedia)
2016/11/16
Normal Distribution 常態分布/常態分配
normal distribution 常態分布/常態分配
Gaussian distribution 高斯分布
bell-shaped 鐘形
If random variable X has a normal distribution N(μ,σ2),
the probability density function (pdf) of X is:
f(x) = [1/√(2πσ2)]exp[-(x-μ)2/2σ2]
=====
Excel formulas:
NORM.DIST(X, μ, σ, cumulative)
if cumulative = true => cdf
if cumulative = false => pdf
=====
Z-score/Z-value/Z-transform/standard score z分數/z轉換/標準化值 (Wikipedia/維基百科)
How to get the Z-tansform from normal random variable X:
Z = (X - μ)/σ where μ = population mean and σ = populaiton variance
Z 是N(0,1) 的標準常態分布
(Note: The Z-transform used in statistics is not the Z-transform used is digital signal processing. 此處的Z轉換與數位訊號處理DSP中的Z轉換不同)
standard normal probability distribution 標準常態機率分布 N(0,1)
mean μ = 0 and variance σ2 = 1
======
Excel Formula:
Z = STANDARDIZE(X, μ, σ)
Inverse Z ie get Z score with known cumulative probability (area under curve):
e.g. α=5% => Zα/2 = NORM.INV(1-α/2, μ, σ) = NORM.INV(1-2.5%, 0, 1) since μ = 0 and σ = 1 for the standard normal distribution.
======
If X1...Xn are normally distributed as N(μ,σ2),
ΣZi2 = Σ((X - μ)/σ)2 is a χ2 distribution with n degrees of freedom.
ΣXi2 is a χ2 distribution with n degrees of freedom.
參考資料
Essentials of Probability & Statistics for Engineers & Scientists (Walpole at el.)，機率與統計 (繆紹綱譯，滄海2013)
Mathematical statistics with applications in R, Ramachandran & Tsokos, 2nd edition (2015), p188
Gaussian distribution 高斯分布
bell-shaped 鐘形
If random variable X has a normal distribution N(μ,σ2),
the probability density function (pdf) of X is:
f(x) = [1/√(2πσ2)]exp[-(x-μ)2/2σ2]
=====
Excel formulas:
NORM.DIST(X, μ, σ, cumulative)
if cumulative = true => cdf
if cumulative = false => pdf
=====
Z-score/Z-value/Z-transform/standard score z分數/z轉換/標準化值 (Wikipedia/維基百科)
How to get the Z-tansform from normal random variable X:
Z = (X - μ)/σ where μ = population mean and σ = populaiton variance
Z 是N(0,1) 的標準常態分布
(Note: The Z-transform used in statistics is not the Z-transform used is digital signal processing. 此處的Z轉換與數位訊號處理DSP中的Z轉換不同)
standard normal probability distribution 標準常態機率分布 N(0,1)
mean μ = 0 and variance σ2 = 1
======
Excel Formula:
Z = STANDARDIZE(X, μ, σ)
Inverse Z ie get Z score with known cumulative probability (area under curve):
e.g. α=5% => Zα/2 = NORM.INV(1-α/2, μ, σ) = NORM.INV(1-2.5%, 0, 1) since μ = 0 and σ = 1 for the standard normal distribution.
======
If X1...Xn are normally distributed as N(μ,σ2),
ΣZi2 = Σ((X - μ)/σ)2 is a χ2 distribution with n degrees of freedom.
ΣXi2 is a χ2 distribution with n degrees of freedom.
參考資料
Essentials of Probability & Statistics for Engineers & Scientists (Walpole at el.)，機率與統計 (繆紹綱譯，滄海2013)
Mathematical statistics with applications in R, Ramachandran & Tsokos, 2nd edition (2015), p188
2016/11/10
Sampling Schemes 抽樣方法
抽樣方法可分為：
隨機抽樣
非隨機抽樣
隨機抽樣
simple random sampling 簡單隨機抽樣 - every element may be selected with equal chance
systematic sampling 系統抽樣/系統性抽樣 - every Kth element, e.g, 3, 10, 17, 24, ... (K=7)
stratified sampling 分層抽樣 - e.g. student age, university, major
cluster sampling 部落抽樣/叢集抽樣
multiphase sampling 多相抽樣 multistage sampling 多段抽樣
非隨機抽樣
convenience sampling 偶遇抽樣/方便抽樣
quota sampling 配額抽樣/定額抽樣
purposive sampling 主觀抽樣 / judgmental sampling 立意抽樣
snowball sampling 滾雪球抽樣
validity 效度
參考資料
Essentials of Probability & Statistics for Engineers & Scientists (Walpole at el.)，機率與統計 (繆紹綱譯，滄海2013), p8
Mathematical statistics with applications in R, Ramachandran & Tsokos, 2nd edition (2015), p8-12
統計學-李柏堅-第01章：抽樣 (CUSTCourses影片)
隨機抽樣
非隨機抽樣
隨機抽樣
simple random sampling 簡單隨機抽樣 - every element may be selected with equal chance
systematic sampling 系統抽樣/系統性抽樣 - every Kth element, e.g, 3, 10, 17, 24, ... (K=7)
stratified sampling 分層抽樣 - e.g. student age, university, major
cluster sampling 部落抽樣/叢集抽樣
multiphase sampling 多相抽樣 multistage sampling 多段抽樣
非隨機抽樣
convenience sampling 偶遇抽樣/方便抽樣
quota sampling 配額抽樣/定額抽樣
purposive sampling 主觀抽樣 / judgmental sampling 立意抽樣
snowball sampling 滾雪球抽樣
validity 效度
參考資料
Essentials of Probability & Statistics for Engineers & Scientists (Walpole at el.)，機率與統計 (繆紹綱譯，滄海2013), p8
Mathematical statistics with applications in R, Ramachandran & Tsokos, 2nd edition (2015), p8-12
統計學-李柏堅-第01章：抽樣 (CUSTCourses影片)
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