2020/8/18

Installation and Basic R commands

The R Project for Statistical Computing software is available with multiple operating systems such as Windows, MacOS.

It may be downloaded here:

https://www.r-project.org

After installation, try declare values with '=' or '<-' and see the average result with 'mean' function.

> x<-c(1,2,3,4,5)

> mean(x)

[1] 3

> y<-c(2,3,4,5,6,7,8)

> mean(y)

[1] 5

> z=c(5,6,7)

> mean(z)

[1] 6

Result:

To remove the above warning messages, open terminal and type:

defaults write org.R-project.R force.LANG en_US.UTF-8

Reference:

[記宅] 在 Mac 上安裝 R 語言 (R Studio, R) 新手介紹

Related Information:

R programming language - load and save data

How to save and run an R Script

2020/8/1

Hypothesis Testing 假設檢定名詞

hypothesis testing 假設檢定/假說檢定

null hypothesis 虛無假設 H0
alternative hypothesis 對立假設 H1/Ha

analysis ovariances (ANOVA) 變異數分析

E.g. 3 groups with one-way ANOVA
H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3
H1: μ1 ≠ μ2 ≠ μ3

ANOVA的重點,是求F值:

F =MST/MSE = Mean Square Treatment/Mean Square Error

再和Critical Value CV=f(df1,df2)比較,CV可查f分佈表求得,當F值大於CV時,則拒絕H0

F值表示組間變異(variability between groups)較組內變異(variability within groups)多F倍,因此當F值越大,機率上組間的差異就越大,所以當F值增加至大於CV值時,組間有顯著異。

當F > CV時,組間有顯著差異,但不知道差異是在哪些組之間,因此需要事後檢定(post hoc test)

接著求p value,即在
可針對不同的α值查表求fα(df1,df2),例如f0.05(df1,df2)和f0.01(df1,df2)等數值,即可粗略地得知p值所落在的範圍


p value:
<0 ---="" .05="" br=""><0 ---="" .01="" br=""><0 ---="" .001="" br="">
<0 ---="" .05="" br=""><0 ---="" .01="" br=""><0 ---="" .001="" br="">p<0.05 ---  *     statistically significant
<0 ---="" .05="" br=""><0 ---="" .01="" br=""><0 ---="" .001="" br="">p<0.01 ---  **    statistically highly significant
<0 ---="" .05="" br=""><0 ---="" .01="" br=""><0 ---="" .001="" br="">p<0.001 --- *** statistically extremely significant
<0 ---="" .05="" br=""><0 ---="" .01="" br=""><0 ---="" .001="" br="">
test statistic 檢定統計量

significance level / level of significance 顯著水準 (通常α = 0.05)
- H0發生的機率、拒絕H0的機率、Type I error的機率(不太可能發生)

References

顯著水準 - 基礎統計名詞介紹網頁
Statistical significance (Wikipedia)
Foundations of ANOVA – Assumptions and Hypotheses for One-Way ANOVA (12-3) (Research By Design YouTube)
Mathematical statistics with applications in R, Ramachandran & Tsokos, 2nd edition (2015), p501,

Finding the P-value in One-Way ANOVA (YouTube)

p值的迷思:顯著與非常顯著 研究生2.0

2020/4/18

brain 腦

central nervous system (CNS) 中樞神經系統

cerebrum 大腦
cerebellum 小腦
brainstem/brain stem 腦幹
- midbrain 中腦
- pons 橋腦
- medulla oblongata 延腦

thalamus 視丘/丘腦


skull 頭顱/顱骨/頭骨/腦殼
scalp 頭皮
cortex 皮質

grey matter/gray matter 灰質
white matter 白質

cerebral cortex 大腦皮質

cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) 腦脊髓液

gyrus 回/腦回/腦迴
sulcus 溝
lobe 葉

frontal lobe 額葉
parietal 頂葉
occipital lobe 枕葉
temporal lobe 顳葉

central sulcus 中央溝


Cerebrum lobes.svg
By vectorized by Jkwchui - http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit5_3_nerve_org1_cns.htmlCC BY-SA 3.0Link

meninges 腦膜
meningeal veins 腦膜靜脈

1604 Types of Cortical Areas-02.jpg

Diagram from Wikipedia by OpenStax College - Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., CC BY 3.0, Link


參考資訊

腦脊髓液(cerebral spinal fliud, CSF)
Specialized Instruments Brain Areas
Human Brain (Wikipedia)人腦(維基百科)
腦(小小整理網站)

2019/6/5

Excel - Histogram with Standard Deviation Error Bars 直方圖與標準差

The method of drawing the standard deviation range on a histogram in Excel 2019 is shown as below:
使用Excel 2019繪製直方圖與標準差的方法如下:


另外如果最後一個項目是平均值,想要只在它的上面加入標準差的話,以上圖為例,可以將上表前面A, B, C的Standard Deviation項目設定為0,而最後的D的儲存格E3內仍有數值即可。

2017/11/20

electromyogram (EMG) 肌電圖相關名詞

electromyogram (EMG) 肌電圖

motor neuron 運動神經元
motor unit 運動單位
muscle fiber 肌纖維
skeletal muscle fiber 骨骼肌纖維

bicep 二頭肌
tricep 三頭肌
contract 收縮
relax 放鬆

palm 手掌
arm 手臂
elbow 手肘

spinal cord 脊髓
dorsal root ganglion 背根神經節
dorsal horn 背角
ventral 腹角

參考資料

國家教育研究院雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網

2017/11/9

rapid or slow heart rate / breathing 心跳或呼吸太快/太慢

tachycardia 心跳過速/心搏快速
bradycardia 心跳過緩/心搏徐緩

tachypnea / tachypnoea 呼吸過速/呼吸快速
bradypnea or bradypnoea 呼吸過速/呼吸快速

2017/11/8

brain directional terms 腦的方向名詞

lateral 側的/側面的/橫向的
medial 內側的/中間的

dorsal 背部的/背面的/背側的 => 從上往下,由頭頂往下看
ventral 腹部的/腹面的/腹側的 => 從下往上,由腹部往上看

anterior 前方的/前面的 rostral 前端/喙(ㄏㄨㄟˋ)側
posterior 後方的/後面的 caudal 尾側


參考資料

Anatomical Directional Terms and Body Planes
Basic Brain Info - Directional Terms
單側、雙側、對側的英文名稱 Binaural, Bimodal, Bilateral, Unilateral, Contralateral, Hybrid Hearing