Neuron 神經元

neuron/nerve cell 神經元/神經細胞

nucleus 細胞核
soma 細胞本體 cell body

dendrite 樹突/樹狀突
axon / nerve fiber 軸突/軸索/神經纖維
axon hillock 軸丘 (hillock = 崗/丘)
axon terminal 軸突末端/軸突末稍

myelin sheath 髓鞘

synapse 突觸 (Wikipedia) - junction between two neurons
axon terminal + synaptic cleft + dendrite
chemical synapse
electrical synapse

synaptic vesicle 突觸囊泡/突觸小泡
synaptic cleft/gap 突觸間隙/突觸空隙
postsynaptic receptor 突觸後受器

Diagram from Wikipedia by BruceBlaus - Own work, CC BY 3.0, Link

neurotransmitter 神經傳導物/神經傳遞物

postsynaptic potential 突觸後電位
excitatory postsynaptic potential(EPSP) 興奮性突觸後電位
inhibitory postsynaptic potential(IPSP) 抑制性突觸後電位

References:

用十分鐘理解 《神經網路發展史》
生物醫學工程導論(中華民國生物醫學工程學會，滄海2008) p8, 11-13
突觸後電位